hne and kweʔ. Note that sometimes the suffix replaces the last syllable, whereas in other cases it is a new syllable added to the end.| English | Translation |
|---|---|
I like it | knú·wehse̲ʔ |
I used to like it | knú·wehskweʔ |
it likes me | waknú·wehse̲ʔ |
it used to like me | waknú·wehskweʔ |
I like you | kunú·wehse̲ʔ |
I used to like you | kunú·wehskweʔ |
I love it | knolúkhwa̲ |
I used to love it | knolúkhwahkweʔ |
it losé me | waknolúkhwa̲ |
it used to love me | waknolúkhwahkweʔ |
I love you | kunolúkhwa̲ |
I used to love you | kunolúkhwahkweʔ |
I know it | kyʌtelíˍ |
I used to know it | kyʌtelihné· |
it knows me | wakyʌtelíˍ |
it used to know me | wakyʌtelihné· |
I know you | kuyʌtelíˍ |
I used to know you | kuyʌtelihné· |
I like myself | katatnú·wehse̲ʔ |
I used to like myself | katatnú·wehskweʔ |
You and I like each other | tetyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ |
You and I used to like each other | tetyatatnú·wehskweʔ |
I know | wakanúhteʔ |
I used to know | wakanúhtehkweʔ |
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
I am a child I was / used to be a child | kekhsá· kekhsahné· |
I am a young man I was / used to be a young man | knikʌ́htluʔ knikʌhtluhné· |
I am a young woman I was / used to be a young woman | kyaʔtaséha kyaʔtasehné· |
I am free / single I was / used to be free / single I didn't used to be free / single (but I am now) | katatwʌni·yó̲· katatwʌni·yohné· yah teʔkatatwʌni·yohné· |
I am engaged (to someone) I was / used to be engaged (to someone) | yukninyákheʔ yukninyákhehkweʔ |
I am in a relationship (with someone) I was / used to be in a relationship (with someone) | yáknehse̲ yáknehskweʔ |
I am married I was / used to be married I didn't used to be married (but I am now) | wakenyákuʔ wakenyakuhné· yáh teʔwakenyakuhné· |
I am separated (from someone) I was / used to be separated (from someone) | teyukyatekháshyuʔ teyukyatekhashyuhné· |
my name is ... my name was / used to be ... | ... ní·yúkyats ... ní·yúkyatskweʔ |
I like her / them I used to like her / them I didn't used to like her / them (but I do now) | khenú·wehse̲ʔ khenú·wehskweʔ yáh teʔkhenú·wehskweʔ |
I love her / them I used to love her / them I didn't used to love her / them (but I do now) | khenolúkhwa̲ʔ khenolúkhwahkweʔ yáh tekhenolúkhwahkweʔ |
I am 20 years old I was / used to be 20 years old | tewáhsʌ naʔtewakohsliyá·ku̲ tewáhsʌ naʔtewakohsliyaʔkuhné· |
I know / am aware I used to know / be aware (but not now) I didn't used to know / be aware (but I do now) | wakanúhte̲ʔ wakanúhtehkweʔ yáh teʔwakanúhtehkweʔ |
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
I am a child When I was / used to be a child | kekhsá· tshikekhsá· |
I am a young man When I was / used to be a young man | knikʌ́htluʔ tshiknikʌh́tluʔ |
I am a young woman When I was / used to be a young woman | kyá·taseha̲ tshikyá·taséha̲ |
I am free / single When I was free / single | katatwʌni·yó̲· tshikatatwʌni·yó̲· |
I am engaged (to someone) When I was engaged (to someone) | yukninyákheʔ tshiyukninyákheʔ |
I am in a relationship (with someone) When I was in a relationship (with someone) | yáknehse̲ tshiyáknehse̲ |
I am married When I was married | wakenyákuʔ tshiwakenyákuʔ |
I am married (to someone) When I was married (to someone) | yukninyákuʔ tshiyukninyá·kuʔ |
I am separated (from someone) When I was separated (from someone) | teyukyatekháshyuʔ tshaʔteyukyatekháshyuʔ |
I love her / them When I loved her / them | khenolúkhwa̲ʔ tshikhenolúkhwa̲ʔ |
I am 20 years old When I was / used to be 20 years old | tewáhsʌ naʔtewakohsliyá·ku̲ tewáhsʌ tshaʔtewakohsliyá·ku̲ |
stsse or tsitsi| English | Translation |
|---|---|
It is single It is single again | watatwʌni·yó̲· swatatwʌni·yó̲· |
I am married I am married again | wakenyákuʔ swakenyá·kuʔ |
He is single He is single again | latatwʌni·yó̲· shatatwʌni·yó̲· |
He is married (to someone) He is married (to someone) again | lonyákuʔ shonyákuʔ |
He doesn't know me He doesn't know me anymore | yáh tehakyʌtelíˍ yáh teshakyʌtelíˍ |
I like it I like it again | knú·wehse̲ sknú·wehse̲ |
I do not like you I do not like you anymore | yáh teʔkunú·wehse̲ yáh teskunú·wehse̲ |
You like it You like it again | snú·wehse̲ sehsnú·wehse̲ |
He loves her/them He loves her/them again | shakonolúkhwa̲ʔ̲ seshakonolúkhwa̲ʔ̲ |
I do not like her/them I do not like her/them anymore | yáh teʔkhenú·wehse̲ yáh tesekhenú·wehse̲ |
Someone and I are engaged Someone and I are engaged again | yukninyákheʔ tsyukninyákheʔ |
I am not in a relationship (with someone) I am not in a relationship (with someone) anymore | yáh teyáknehse̲ yáh tetsyáknehse̲ |
He loves her/them He loves her/them again | yesanolúkhwa̲ʔ̲ tsyesanolúkhwa̲ʔ̲ |
You two are not married You two are not married anymore | yáh tesninyákuʔ yáh tetsisninyákuʔ |
Are you two single? Are you two single again? | tsyatatwʌni·yó· kʌ́ tsitsyatatwʌni·yó· kʌ́ |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | wakenyákuʔ | wakenyakuhné· |
You | isé | sanyákuʔ | sanyakuhné· |
He | laulhá | lonyákuʔ | lonyakuhné· |
She | akaulhá | yakonyákuʔ | yakonyakuhné· |
You and I | tetniyáhse | yukninyákuʔ | yukninyakuhné· |
You two | tesniyáhse | sninyákuʔ | sninyakuhné· |
Someone and I | teyakniyáhse | yukninyákuʔ | yukninyakuhné· |
Two males | tehniyáhse | lotinyákuʔ | lotinyakuhné· |
Two females | tekniyáhse | yotinyákuʔ | yotinyakuhné· |
You all and I | twakweku | yukwanyákuʔ | yukwanyakuhné· |
They and I | yakwakweku | yukwanyákuʔ | yukwanyakuhné· |
All of you | swakweku | swanyákuʔ | swanyakuhné· |
They (males) | latikweku | lotinyákuʔ | lotinyakuhné· |
They (females) | kutikweku | yotinyákuʔ | yotinyakuhné· |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
You and I | tetniyáhse | ítnehse | ítnehskweʔ |
You two | tesniyáhse | ísnehse | ísnehskweʔ |
Someone and I | teyakniyáhse | yáknehse | yáknehskweʔ |
Two males | tehniyáhse | í·nehse | í·nehskweʔ |
Two females | tekniyáhse | íknehse | íknehskweʔ |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Separated | Reconciled |
|---|---|---|---|
You and I | tetniyáhse | teyukyatekháshyu | teyukyatekhashyuhné· |
You two | tesniyáhse | tetsyatekháshyu | tetsyatekhashyuhné· |
Someone and I | teyakniyáhse | teyukyatekháshyu | teyukyatekhashyuhné· |
Two males | tehniyáhse | tehonatekháshyu | tehonatekhashyuhné· |
Two females | tekniyáhse | teyonatekháshyu | teyonatekhashyuhné· |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | wakenyákheʔ | wakenkákhehkweʔ |
Someone and I | teyakniyáhse | yukninyákheʔ | yukninkákhehkweʔ |
They (males) | latikweku | lotinyákheʔ | lotinkákhehkweʔ |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | katatwʌni·yó | katatwʌniyohné· |
You | isé | satatwʌni·yó | satatwʌniyohné· |
He | laulhá | latatwʌni·yó | latatwʌniyohné· |
She | akaulhá | yuatatwʌni·yó | yuatatwʌniyohné· |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Old man | Old woman |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | likhstʌ́ha̲ | khekhstʌ́ha̲ |
You | isé | etshekhstʌ́ha̲ | shekhstʌ́ha̲ |
He | laulhá | lokhstʌ́ha̲ | shakokhstʌ́ha̲ |
She | akaulhá | luwakhstʌ́ha̲ | yutatekhstʌ́ha̲ |
| English | Oneida |
|---|---|
Charlie's spouse | Tshyalé lo·né· |
Susan's spouse | Só·s lo·né· |
My cousin's spouse | ukyalá·séʔ lo·né· |
Your friend's spouse | tsyatʌ·ló· lo·né· |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Boyfriend | Girlfriend |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | aknikʌhtlú·tsliʔ | akyaʔtasé·tsliʔ |
You | isé | sanikʌhtlú·tsliʔ | sayaʔtasé·tsliʔ |
He | laulhá | laonikʌhtlú·tsliʔ | laoyaʔtasé·tsliʔ |
She | akaulhá | akonikʌhtlú·tsliʔ | akoyaʔtasé·tsliʔ |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | kukweʔtiyó | kukweʔtiyohné· |
You | isé | sukweʔtiyó | sukweʔtiyohné· |
He | laulhá | hlukweʔtiyó | hlukweʔtiyohné· |
She | akaulhá | yakukweʔtiyó | yakukweʔtiyohné· |
They (males) | latikweku | lʌnukweʔtiyóhseʔ | lʌnukweʔtiyóhskweʔ |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | kukweʔtáksʌ | kukweʔtaksʌ́hné· |
You | isé | sukweʔtáksʌ | sukweʔtaksʌ́hneʔ |
He | laulhá | hlukweʔtáksʌ | hlukweʔtaksʌ́hneʔ |
She | akaulhá | yakukweʔtáksʌ | yakukweʔtaksʌ́hneʔ |
They (males) | latikweku | lʌnukweʔtáksʌhseʔ | lʌnukweʔtaksʌhskweʔ |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | keksaʔtiyó | keksaʔtiyohné· |
You | isé | hseksaʔtiyó | hseksaʔtiyohné· |
He | laulhá | laksaʔtiyó | laksaʔtiyohné· |
She | akaulhá | yeksaʔtiyó | yeksaʔtiyohné· |
They (males) | latikweku | latiksaʔtiyóhseʔ | latiksaʔtiyóhskweʔ |
| Pronoun (en) | Pronoun | Now | Used to be |
|---|---|---|---|
I | í | keksaʔtáksʌ | keksaʔtaksʌ́hneʔ |
You | isé | seksaʔtáksʌ | seksaʔtaksʌ́hneʔ |
He | laulhá | laksaʔtáksʌ | laksaʔtaksʌ́hneʔ |
She | akaulhá | yeksaʔtáksʌ | yeksaʔtaksʌ́hneʔ |
They (males) | latikweku | latiksaʔtáksʌhseʔ | latiksaʔtaksʌhskweʔ |
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
| one human being | tsyukwe·tát |
| two human beings | teyukwe·tákeʔ |
| three human beings | áhsʌ niyukwe·tákeʔ |
| four human beings | kayé niyukwe·tákeʔ |
| five human beings | wísk niyukwe·tákeʔ |
| English | Male(s) | Female(s) |
|---|---|---|
| one | shayá·tat | tsyeyá·tat |
| two | tehniyáhse | tekniyáhse |
| three | áhsʌ nihati | áhsʌ nikuti |
| four | kayé nihati | kayé nikuti |
| five | wísk nihati | wísk nikuti |
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
| dog | é·lhal |
| cat | takó·s |
| goat | kayaʔtáklahseʔ |
| sheep | síksik |
| chicken | kítkit |
| pig | kóskos |
| cow | tyonhúhskwalut |
| horse | kohsa·tʌ́s |
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
| puppy | é·lhal othóskaʔ |
| kitten | takó·s othóskaʔ |
| kid | kayaʔtáklahseʔ othóskaʔ |
| lamb | síksik othóskaʔ |
| chick | kítkit othóskaʔ |
| piglet | kóskos othóskaʔ |
| calf | tyonhúhskwalut othóskaʔ |
| foal | kohsa·tʌ́s othóskaʔ |
| pronominal | + | noun root | + | joiner | + | verb root | = | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wake | + | ksaʔt | + | a | + | yʌ | = | wakeksá·tayʌ (I have a child) |
| wak | + | wil | + | a | + | yʌ | = | wakwila·yʌ́· (I have a baby) |
| wak | + | naskw | + | a | + | yʌ | = | waknáskwayʌʔ (I have an animal) |
| wak | + | nikʌhtluʔtsl | + | a | + | yʌ | = | waknikʌhtluʔtsla·yʌ́· (I have a boyfriend) |
| wak | + | yaʔtaseʔtsl | + | a | + | yʌ | = | wakyaʔtase·tsla·yʌ́· (I have a girlfriend) |
| pronominal | + | noun root | + | joiner | + | verb root | + | joiner | + | past tense | = | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wake | + | naskw | + | a | + | yʌʔt | + | a | + | hkweʔ | = | wakeksá·tayʌʔtahkweʔ (I used to have an animal) |
| pronominal | + | noun root | + | verb root | = | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wak | + | naskw | + | iyo | = | waknaskwi·yó (I have a good animal) |
| pronominal | + | noun root | + | verb root | + | past tense | = | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wak | + | naskw | + | iyo | + | hne | = | waknaskwiyo·hné· (I used to have a good animal) |
| wak | + | naskw | + | aksʌ | + | hne | = | waknaskwaksʌ·hné· (I used to have a bad animal) |
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
bear | ohkwa·líˍ |
beaver | tsyoní·tuʔ |
deer | oskʌnu·tú· |
eel | tawelú·ko |
hawk | kalhakúha̲ |
heron | ohá·kwalut |
snipe | tawístawiʔ |
turtle | aʔno·wál |
wolf | othayu·níˍ |
| English | Translation | Literal translation |
|---|---|---|
Mohawk | Kanyʌʔkeha·ká· | flint |
Oneida | Onʌyoʔteʔa·ká· | standing stone |
Onondaga | Onutaʔkeha·ká· | hills |
Cayuga | Kayukeʔa·ká· | great swamp / pipe |
Seneca | Tsiʔtwanaʔa·ká· | great hill / mountain |
Tuscarora | Taskaló·lu | hemp / shirt |
Ojibway | Latitwaʔkánhaʔ | (unknown) |
Algonquin | Latilu·táks | They eat trees |
Cree | Kalhakuhlonú | People of the forest (?) |
Huron | Thotinutáthe | They're making buttermilk |
Inuit | Otholeʔkehlo·nú | People of the north |
American | Ostohlonuʔkeha·ká | (unknown) |
French-Canadian | Walé·lu | (unknown) |
| Oneida | English | Examples |
|---|---|---|
á·leʔ | again | Tsyutatwʌni·yó á·leʔ She's single again. |
kháleʔ nʌ́ | and then | Yakonaskwayʌ·táhkweʔ takóhs khaleʔ nʌ́ yakonaskwayʌ·táhkweʔ é·lhal She had a cat and then she had a dog. |
kaló· tsiʔ niyo·lé· | before | Yakonaskwayʌ·táhkweʔ takóhs kaló· tsiʔ niyo·lé· yakonaskwayʌ·táhkweʔ é·lhal She had a cat before she had a dog. |
né· tsiʔ | because | Yáh tehotinya·kú né· tsiʔ yáh thaʔtehyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ They're not married because they don't love one another. |
tsiʔ náheʔ | (a length of time) | Tewáhsʌ niyohslaké tsiʔ náheʔ wakenyakúˍ I've been married for twenty years. |
kʌʔ naheʔ | a short length of time | Kʌʔ náheʔ yakonyakú·ne̲ʔ She was married for just a short time. |
nuʔú·waʔ | now / today | Tehonatekháhsyu nuʔú·wa̲ʔ They're separated now. |
yáh newʌ·tú | never, impossible | Yáh né· newʌ·tú tesanyakúˍ You've never been married. |
yawʌʔkó· | Thank you | Yawʌʔkó· tsiʔ wesake·tóteʔ Thanks for coming. |
Oh niyotuháti | How is it going? | Oh niyotuháti neʔn sahsótha̲ How's your grandmother doing? |
oskánhe | together, together with | Oskánhe lotiwila·yʌ́· neʔn Sawatis kháleʔ Ní·ki John and Nellie have children together. |
tekyattíhʌ | different, two things are different | Tekyattíhʌ né· tekniyáhse takós The two cats are different. |
tsiʔ ni- | so | Tsiʔ nithoyʌ́ né· thikʌ́ lú·kwe̲ That man is so young. |
tsiʔ niyo·lé· | until, before | Yáh úhkaʔ teyakonya·kú kaló· tsiʔ niyo·lé· né·n Sawatis She wasn't married to anyone before John. |
yo | (an acknowledgement) | |
ta·t nuʔuwa | maybe, possibly |
To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ sanyákheʔ | ʌ́·, to·kʌ́skeʔ Tu·wís yukninyákheʔ |
Tu·wís kʌ́ Lotinyakú né· So·s | Lotinyakú·neʔ nok tsiʔ tehonatekháhsyu nuʔú·waʔ |
Tó· nahe tshatehonatekháhsyu | Yáh tewahu·níseʔ nok tsiʔ latatwʌni·yó nuʔú·waʔ |
Yáh kʌ́ tehotinyaku·né· kaló· tsiʔ niyo·lé· waʔhotinyakeʔ So·s | Kʌʔ ok naheʔ Katlí·n né·n lotinyakú·neʔ kháleʔ yáh só·tsiʔ teyakukweʔtiyó |
Ok né·n Tu·wís Yáh só·tsiʔ tehlukweʔtiyó né·n laulhá· | Latatwʌni·yó· kháleʔ laknolúkhwa̲ʔ Ok né·n niʔisé· Yáh teʔsanyákuʔ |
ʌ́· kháleʔ yáh teʔyukninyákheʔ úhkaʔ náhteʔ ok né·n tshaʔteyukniʔtaló·tʌ̲ʔ | Tsiʔ nihsekhsá· Yukninyákheʔ kháleʔ yáh niʔisé͟· |
Etshlihwanu·tú·seʔ tó· nihotikhsá·tayʌʔ oskánhe né·n oyá· yakúkwe | Yáh tehokhsá·tayʌʔ |
Yáh e·só· tehetshyʌtelí, wahíˍ | Wakanúhteʔ tsiʔ laknolúkhwa̲ʔ |
Yáh kʌ́ teʔsanúhteʔ tsiʔ áhsʌ nikutí kunukwé· lotinyakú·neʔ Kháleʔ oyé·li nihokhsá·tayʌʔ | Yáh to·kʌ́skeʔ té·kʌ Ne ok tewáhsʌ úskah niyohslaké nitho·yʌ́· |
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ nihatikhsaʔtáksʌs ne shakoyoʔokúha̲ | Yáh teʔsukweʔtiyó niʔisé͟· Tho wakanúhte̲ʔ |
Yaweluhátiʔ tsiʔ yah teshakoyʌtelí né·n shakoyoʔokúha, yáh tehuwanú·wehseʔ | Yaweluhátiʔ tó· nihokhsá·tayʌʔ, yáh úhkaʔ teʔsukwé·tayʌʔ ne·n yesanolúkhwaʔ Né· ok tewáhsʌ nikutí takós sanáhskwayʌʔ kháleʔ yáh teʔyesanú·wehseʔ |
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ yáh tehonúhteʔ oh náhteʔ tethsʌná·sleʔ | Sʌ́haʔ e·só· takhló·li̲ |
| 1 | Lotikhsá·tayʌʔ kʌ́ né· akwekú sheyoʔokúha̲ |
| 2 | Sukwé·tayʌʔ kʌ́́ ukha ok yesanolukhwaʔ |
| 3 | Yah só·tsiʔ tehlukweʔtiyó né·n etshuhwatʌ́ha̲ |
| 4 | Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sninyakú |
| 5 | Tekniyáhse kʌ́ yakokhsá·tayʌʔ né· shekhstʌ́ha yutateʔkʌ́ha̲ |
| 6 | Né· kʌ́ thikʌ́ lanikʌhtlúha né·n Wá·li akonikʌhtlú·tsliʔ |
| 7 | Tó· náheʔ onʌ tshaʔtehonatekháhsyu né·n Só·s luwayʌ́ha̲ |
| 8 | Yáh thaʔtehyatatnú·wehseʔ nok tsiʔ shekú ihnehse |
| 9 | Skayá·tat tá·thuní tekniyáhse síksik yakonáskwayʌ |
| 10 | Shekú yutatwʌni·yó· né· aolíwaʔ tsiʔ yáh teʔyakukweʔtiyó |
| 11 | Yáh úhkaʔ náhteʔ tehonanúhteʔ tsiʔ Onutaʔkeha·ká· nisuhutsyó·tʌʔ |
| 12 | Tehnitsyalú kʌ́ lotikwáho né·n yesayʌ́ha |
| 13 | Kutikwekú kʌ́ kutatwʌni·yó· né· kutiyaʔtaseʔshúha̲ |
| 14 | Yáh úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ luwanolukhwa thikʌ́ lanikʌhtlúha tsiʔ ni·yót niʔí· |
| 15 | Sʌ́haʔ wahu·níseʔ yuknináskwayʌʔ tsiʔ ni·yót yuknikhsá·tayʌʔ |
| 16 | E·so kʌ́ yanolúkhwaʔ né· etshekstʌ́há |
| 17 | Akwekú luwatinú·wehseʔ né· lotinyáhtʌ |
| 18 | Akwekú lotikhsá·tayʌʔ né· ukwatʌló·shuha, yáh niʔisé͟· |
| 19 | Is it true that you and your significant other are separated? |
| 20 | Those young men are not good people, that's why they are still not married |
| 21 | How many horses does the old man have? |
| 22 | Didn't you and your old man used to have a dog? |
| 23 | Both his parents are of the Bear Clan. |
| 24 | I don't know anyone who is Cree. |
| 25 | My wife and I aren't married but we have ten kids. |
| 26 | My cousin's wife and I used to hate each other. |
| 27 | How many kids does your older sister have? |
| 28 | How long have Thomas's parents been married? |
| 29 | My cousin Peter used to have three cows and one horse. |
| 30 | My husband and I used to love one another very much, not so much now. |
| 31 | Does your cousin Peter have more kids than you? |
| 32 | Have you two been separated for a long time? |
| 33 | The Oneida Homemakers are good people, the Oneida Choir and I love them a lot. |
| 34 | Do you and your old lady love one another? |
| 35 | Peter hates it that we are not in a relationship now. |
| 36 | Amelia and her husband have six girls. |
| 37 | She used to have two lambs. |
| 38 | They were engaged. They're married now. |
| 39 | All of my friends are still single. |
| 40 | My nephew is a rotten kid but I don't hate him. |